Discovery of the Elements with Atomic Number 114 and 116  

Last update: 14 July 2011  

Priority for the discovery of the elements with atomic number 114 and 116 has been assigned, in accordance with the agreed criteria, to collaborative work between scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia and from Lawrence Livermore, California, USA (the Dubna-Livermore collaborations).  The discovery evidences were recently reviewed and recognized by a IUPAC/IUPAP joint working party. IUPAC confirmed the recognition of the elements in a letter to the leaders of the collaboration.

 The IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) on the priority of claims to the discovery of new elements has reviewed the relevant literature pertaining to several claims. In accordance with the criteria for the discovery of elements previously established by the 1992 IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group, and reiterated by the 1999 and 2003 IUPAC/IUPAP JWPs, it was concluded that “the establishment of the identity of the isotope ²⁸³Cn by a large number of decaying chains, originating from a variety of production pathways essentially triangulating its A,Z character enables that nuclide’s use in unequivocally recognizing higher-Z isotopes that are observed to decay through it.” From 2004 Dubna-Livermore collaborations the JWP notes:  (i) the internal redundancy and extended decay chain sequence for identification of Z = ²⁸⁷114 from ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴²Pu fusion (Oganessian et al. Eur. Phys. J. A 19, 3 (2004) and Phys. Rev. C 70, 064609 (2004)); and (ii) that the report of the production of ²⁹¹116 from the fusion of ⁴⁸Ca with ²⁴⁵Cm is supported by extended decay chains that include, again, ²⁸³Cn and descendants (Oganessian et al. Phys. Rev. C 69, 054607 (2004)). It recommends that the Dubna-Livermore collaborations be credited with discovery of these two new elements.

 A full synopsis of the relevant experiments and related efforts is presented in a technical report published online in Pure and Applied Chemistry on 1 June 2011. With the priority for the discovery established, the scientists from the Dubna-Livermore collaborations are invited to propose a name for the two super-heavy elements, elements 114 and 116. The suggested names will then go through a review process before adoption by the IUPAC Council.

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Muhammad Asad a Revert Muslim

"The peoples which are able are bestowed from God with "hudaya", those are on right path and only those are successful"

Muhammad Asad (1900 – 1992)

    He is formally known as Leopold Weiss came from a long line of Jewish Rabbis. His work as a part-time freelancer for the newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung in Jerusalem brought him closer and closer to the Muslim world. Though Jewish at the time, his writings were well appreciated for his understanding of Arab hesitancies and Zionist movement.

Seven years before accepting Islam, Muhammad Asad had a dream that most Muslims would find a heavenly blessing. At the time he had a habit of keeping a dream journal in which he would jot all his dreams down as soon as he woke. This specific dream had him riding in a train in Berlin which eventually came out of a tunnel and got stuck in a plain of clay. The throng of people abandoned the train and remained confused about what to do next. Asad however, found his way to a camel on which a man sat dressed in a white-and-brown striped abaya with short sleeves and face hidden. Asad joined the man and they rode towards a warm white light, and all the while he felt a greater sense of happiness and peace than he had ever felt. As he approached the white light, a voice called out “This is the westernmost city!”, and he woke up. A few years after converting to Islam he told this story to the King of Saudi Arabia, a close friend at the time, and was shocked to hear that many times, non-muslims would see the Holy Prophet (pbuh) in their dreams dressed in this very same manner. 

In 1926, while living in Berlin, Muhammad Asad  accepted Islam wholeheartedly. At that time he said:

“Islam appears to me like a perfect work of architecture. All its parts are harmoniously conceived to complement and support each other; nothing is superfluous and nothing lacking; and the result is a structure of absolute balance and solid composure.”

Muhammad Asad and Pakistan

An interesting part of his life began when he came to British India in 1932. There he met Muhammad Iqbal who presented his idea of an Independent Pakistan. Muhammad Asad was given Pakistani Citizenship in 1947 and was made the Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction. In this position he provided input in creating Pakistan’s first constitution in 1949. He also held the position of the Head of Middle East Division for the Ministry of foreign Affairs along with being appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations.

Publications

 

One of his most famous achievements was the writing of the book “The Road to Mecca” which was published in 1954. The book retold the story of his spiritual odyssey where he examined his early life and his travels to the Muslim world which ultimately caused him to accept Islam. The book won critical acclaim throughout both Western and Eastern societies.

Throughout his life and writings, Asad expressed a strong objection to Zionism from the very beginning, even before converting to Islam. He strongly opposed the occupation of Palestine and believed that Arabs had as much right to the land as did the Jews. He blatantly challenged the idea of viewing the Zionist-Arab conflict from only the Zionist perspective and ignoring the views of the Muslims.

Other than “The Road to Mecca” Muhammad Asad published a number of others books and documents. A few of these are:

• “The Message of the Qur’an”, a translation and commentary on the holy Qur’an based on his knowledge of classical Arabic
• A translation and commentary on the Sahih Bukhari
• “The Law of Ours”, a summary of his views on Islamic Laws
• The book “Islam at the Crossroads” in which describes the need for Muslims to live by their own values rather than accepting those of the west

Muhammad Asad and his Family

Though Muhammad Asad came from a long line of religious Jews, his father and mother were relative liberalists. Rather than being a Rabbi, as was the tradition in the family, his father decided to become a lawyer. After a period of time, his father came to understand Muhammad Asad’s conversion to Islam and they maintained a healthy relationship.  The relationship between Muhammad Asad and his family brutally ended when his father, stepmother and sister all perished in concentration camps during World War II. He was also arrested in Lahore a day after the war broke out by the British, under assumptions of being an enemy alien. After the end of the war Muhammad Asad was released and reunited with his family.

Muhammad Asad was married three times. First in Germany with Elsa Schiemann with whom he had his first son, Henrich. Second in Saudi Arabia with Munira whom he had a second son, Talal Asad. He married Pola Hamida Asad, his third wife in Spain.

"Then which of the favours of your Lord will ye deny? " AL QURAN

lecture on crystal systems

Crystallography

Its is a good lecture on crystal systems and properties of 

cubic system

http://academicearth.org/lectures/properties-cubic-crystals